Question 1

What was the Enlightenment?

Accepted Answer

A European intellectual movement that emphasized science and reason over tradition

(occurred during the 1600-1700s)

Question 2

What is nationalism?

Accepted Answer

Intense loyalty to others who share your language and culture

Question 3

What is empiricism?

Accepted Answer

Belief that all knowledge comes from experiences and observations

Question 4

Who were John Locke and Thomas Hobbes?

Accepted Answer

Two English philosophers in the Enlightenment that influenced empiricism

Question 5

What is social contract theory?

Accepted Answer

An agreement between two or more people that restricts their rights for the greater good

(having laws that you can't murder people)

Question 6

What was tabula rasa?

Accepted Answer

Idea that all humans are born with a blank mind, waiting to be filled with knowledge

(opposite of what was believed at the time; developed by John Locke)

Question 7

Who were the philosophes?

Accepted Answer

French Intellectuals during the Enlightenment

(Voltaire, Baron de Montesquieu, Jean-Jacques Rousseau; philosophe is French for philosopher)

Question 8

Who was Baron Montesquieu?

Accepted Answer

Philosophe that influenced the future US government by praising the idea of checks and balances

Question 9

Who was Voltaire?

Accepted Answer

Philosophe that criticized the Catholic Church and advocated freedom of speech/religion

(real name was François-Marie Arouet)

Question 10

Who was Jean-Jacques Rousseau?

Accepted Answer

Philosophe that expanded on social contract theory and influenced the French revolution

Question 11

Who was Adam Smith?

Accepted Answer

Scottish economist that advocated laissez-faire over mercantilism

Question 12

What is laissez-faire?

Accepted Answer

An economic approach where the government doesn't interfere much with the market

(French for "leave alone"; founded the base of capitalism)

Question 13

What is capitalism?

Accepted Answer

An economic system where the means of production are privately owned

(means of production=factories, natural resources, etc.)

Question 14

What is Deism?

Accepted Answer

Belief in a supreme creator that does not intervene in the universe

(like a watchmaker that doesn't control the watch after it is made; focused on science rather than the Bible)

Question 15

Who was Thomas Paine?

Accepted Answer

An American Enlightenment thinker and founding father who advocated independence from Britain

(wrote the pamphlet Common Sense to spread his ideas)

Question 16

What is conservatism?

Accepted Answer

A belief in traditional institutions and practical experience

(favors "tried and tested" over radical changes)

Question 17

What is socialism?

Accepted Answer

A political/economic theory that advocates the means of production being owned publically

(this is the original definition; opposite of capitalism, which advocates private owning)

Question 18

What is utopian socialism?

Accepted Answer

Idea that socialism could be achieved by persuading capitalists to hand over the means of production

Question 19

Who was Henri de Saint-Simon?

Accepted Answer

Utopian socialist that believed science and technology could solve problems

Question 20

Who was Charles Fourier?

Accepted Answer

Utopian socialist that believed in reconstructing society into communities ("phalanxes")

Question 21

Who was Robert Owen?

Accepted Answer

British utopian socialist that created small utopian socialist communities

Question 22

What was the Fabian Society?

Accepted Answer

A British society that attempted to advance socialism through votes, rather than through revolution

Question 23

What is classical liberalism?

Accepted Answer

A political ideology that advocates for free markets, civil liberties under the rule of law, and a limited constitutional government

Question 24

Who was Mary Wollstonecraft?

Accepted Answer

English feminist in the Enlightenment that argued women should be educated equally

Question 25

What is abolitionism?

Accepted Answer

Movement to end the Atlantic slave trade and free all slaves

Question 26

What happened to serfdom during the Enlightenment?

Accepted Answer

It was mostly abolished, emancipating peasants

Question 27

What is Zionism?

Accepted Answer

Desire of many Jews to establish an independent homeland in the Middle East

(emerged after centuries of anti-Semitism)

Question 28

Who was Theodor Herzl?

Accepted Answer

Jewish leader of the Zionist movement

Question 29

What was the Dreyfus Affair?

Accepted Answer

Political scandal that was caused by anti-Semitism

Increased Zionist support

Question 30

What was the Declaration of Independence?

Accepted Answer

A document stating the American desire to be free from Britain

Question 31

What were the New Zealand Wars?

Accepted Answer

A series of conflicts between the indigenous Maori and British colonizers in New Zealand

(Maori were united, but British won)

Question 32

What was the French Revolution?

Accepted Answer

A period of major social upheaval in France

(replaced the former government, killing Louis XVI)

Question 33

What was the Bastille in the French Revolution?

Accepted Answer

A former prison in Paris that represented the abuses of the French monarchy

(capturing it represented the end of the former government)

Question 34

What is the Declaration of the Rights of Man?

Accepted Answer

A French statement of basic human rights

Influential on modern ideas

(part of the first part of French Revolution)

Question 35

What was the Reign of Terror?

Accepted Answer

A period in the French Revolution where the government executed thousands of opponents of the revolution

Question 36

Who became emporer of France after the French Revolution?

Accepted Answer

Napoleon Bonaparte

Question 37

How was France involved with Haiti?

Accepted Answer

Haiti was a former sugar and coffee colony of France

Question 38

Who were the Maroons?

Accepted Answer

Descendants of slaves in many parts of the Americas

(won freedom earlier than other slaves)

Question 39

Who was Toussant L'Ouverture?

Accepted Answer

Haitian general and former slave that created an independent government in Haiti

Question 40

What was the Haitian Revolution?

Accepted Answer

A slave uprising in Haiti that freed it from France and abolished slavery

Question 41

Who was Simon Bolivar?

Accepted Answer

Venezuelan soldier that led revolutions against the Spanish in Latin America

(The Bolivar Revolutions)

Question 42

Who was Lola Rodriguez de Tio?

Accepted Answer

Female poet that critiqued Spain's exploitative rule over Puerto Rico

Question 43

What was the Propaganda Movement in the Philippines?

Accepted Answer

A period of time when Filipinos called out for reforms under Spanish rule

(led to the Philippine Revolution in 1896)

Question 44

What was the Italian unification?

Accepted Answer

A political and social movement that unified the Italian Peninsula into one state

Question 45

What was realpolitik?

Accepted Answer

Belief in practical policies, rather than moral or ideological considerations

(used in the Italian unification)

Question 46

Who was Giuseppe Mazzini?

Accepted Answer

Head of the Italian revolution and unification

Question 47

What was the German unification?

Accepted Answer

The unification of individual German states into the German Empire

Question 48

Who was Otto von Bismarck?

Accepted Answer

Leader of the German unification, creating the German Empire

Question 49

What two new powers emerged in Europe in the late 1800s?

Accepted Answer

Germany and Italy

(both unified many smaller states into big ones, making them new powers)

Question 50

How did Greece become independent from the Ottomans?

Accepted Answer

The Ottomans slowly became weaker, while Greece was exposed to the Enlightenment

Combined with Greek nationalism and help of other nations, Greek became independent

Question 51

What was Ottomanism?

Accepted Answer

An Ottoman movement that tried to unify the empire

(ended up further splitting the empire)

Question 52

What was the Industrial Revolution?

Accepted Answer

Dramatic improvements in manufacturing and technology, making way for modern technology

(~1760-1840)

Question 53

What is industrialization?

Accepted Answer

Production becoming more mechanic

(using more machines/technology and less human labor)

Question 54

What was the Second Agricultural Revolution?

Accepted Answer

Improvements in agricultural techniques in Britain

(happened right before the Industrial Revolution; the first Agricultural Revolution was 10,000 years ago)

Question 55

What is crop rotation?

Accepted Answer

The practice of rotating different crops on a plot every year

(helps improve soil health; part of the Second Agricultural Revolution)

Question 56

What is the seed drill?

Accepted Answer

A machine to efficiently plant seeds

(part of the Second Agricultural Revolution)

Question 57

What was the cottage industry system?

Accepted Answer

A production system before the Industrial Revolution where people produced goods in their own home

Question 58

What were the spinning jenny and water frame?

Accepted Answer

Early devices for producing cotton in factories

Question 59

Who were James Hargreaves and Richard Arkwright?

Accepted Answer

Two inventors in the Industrial Revolution that created the spinning jenny and water frame

Question 60

What was the factory system?

Accepted Answer

A method of production involving factories and machinery

(opposite of the cottage industry system)

Question 61

What is the system of interchangeable parts?

Accepted Answer

A way of designing goods, so that if one part breaks it can easily be replaced

(created by Eli Whitney to manufacture firearms for the US; soon adopted around the world)

Question 62

What is the division of labor?

Accepted Answer

Assigning different parts of the manufacturing process to different people

(result of the system of interchangeable parts; improved efficiency)

Question 63

What is the specialization of labor in factories?

Accepted Answer

Having each worker focus on one part of the manufacturing process

(part of division of labor and the Industrial Revolution)

Question 64

What is an assembly line?

Accepted Answer

A series of workers and machines that assemble goods

(created by Henry Ford to manufacture cars)

Unit 5: Revolutions, AP World History: Modern Flashcards